前沿动态：约束增强陶瓷力学及防弹性能

来源：今日新材料

陶瓷材料具有的独特力、电和热性能，使其在工程结构与电子装备中展现出广泛的应用价值。其中，具有低密度、高压缩强度、高硬度的陶瓷材料应用于防弹领域已有50余年的历史，并且逐渐成为高性能装甲系统中的关键材料。

近日International Materials Reviews刊发西安交大卢天健教授与韩宾副教授团队综述文章，对防弹陶瓷材料中的约束效应进行了评述。文章系统地探讨了各种约束形式对陶瓷的力学和弹道性能的影响，以及潜在的机理。首先介绍了由缺陷引起的陶瓷脆性破坏，讨论了陶瓷强度与约束压力的关系：随着约束压力的增大，裂纹的形核和扩展受到抑制，从而在压缩载荷下提高陶瓷强度，如果约束足够高以防止过早的脆性破坏，则可能发生延性变形。还介绍了施加约束压力的动静态实验技术，如液压容器、平板撞击、改进的霍普金森杆技术等。此外，总结了基于翼裂纹扩展的微机理模型，可很好地表征陶瓷压缩强度与约束应力间的关系并揭示微观作用机理。陶瓷的唯象本构模型则为实验测得的强度与静水压力之间的经验关系，适用于大规模的仿真计算。

文章阐明了约束效应在增强陶瓷抗弹性能上发挥的作用。在装甲系统中，约束形式通常为侧向约束、盖板约束以及施加预应力约束。其中对陶瓷施加盖板和侧向约束可以阻止陶瓷碎片的散射运动，并迫使陶瓷磨损弹丸。侧向约束从本质上而言为边界效应，应当具有与陶瓷材料类似的波阻抗，且当陶瓷横向尺寸足够大时侧向约束效应可以忽略。此外，盖板充当着缓冲层的作用，可有效减缓初始撞击时陶瓷内部的压力。进一步施加预应力可以提高陶瓷强度，限制陶瓷锥裂纹与径向裂纹，并防止由拉伸应力波引起的陶瓷损伤。

文章链接：

Confinement effects oncompressive and ballistic performance of ceramics: a review, International Materials Reviews, 2020

https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2020.1830665

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原文链接：

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/267873526?utm_source=wechatMessage_article_bottom